光纤通信（Fiber-optic communication）也作光纤通信，是指一种利用光与光纤（optical fiber）传递信息的一种方式，属于有线通信的一种。光经过调制（modulation）后便能携带信息。自1980年代起，光纤通信系统对于电信工业产生了革命性的作用，同时也在数字时代里扮演非常重要的角色。光纤通信具有传输容量大、保密性好等许多优点。光纤通信现在已经成为当今最主要的有线通信方式。将需传送的信息在发送端输入到发送机中，将信息叠加或调制到作为信息信号载体的载波上，然后将已调制的载波通过传输媒质传送到远处的接收端，由接收机解调出原来的信息。

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optics have revolutionized the telecommunications industry and have played a major role in the advent of the Information Age. Because of its advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire communications in core networks in the developed world. Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals. Researchers at Bell Labs have reached internet speeds of over 100 petabit×kilometer per second using fiber-optic communication.