核反应堆（英语：nuclear reactor）是一种启动、控制并维持核裂变或核聚变链式反应的装置。相对于核武爆炸瞬间所发生的失控链式反应，在反应堆之中，核变的速率可以得到精确的控制，其能量能够以较慢的速度向外释放，供人们利用。

核反应堆有许多用途，当前最重要的用途是产生热能，用以代替其他燃料加热水，产生蒸汽发电或驱动航空母舰等设施运转。一些反应堆被用来生产为医疗和工业用途的同位素，或用于生产武器级钚。一些反应堆运行仅用于研究。当前全部商业核反应堆都是基于核裂变的。今天，在世界各地的大约30个国家里有被用于发电的大约450个核反应堆。

This article is a subarticle of Nuclear power.

A nuclear reactor, formerly known as an atomic pile, is a device used to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction. Nuclear reactors are used at nuclear power plants for electricity generation and in propulsion of ships. Heat from nuclear fission is passed to a working fluid (water or gas), which runs through steam turbines. These either drive a ship's propellers or turn electrical generators. Nuclear generated steam in principle can be used for industrial process heat or for district heating. Some reactors are used to produce isotopes for medical and industrial use, or for production of weapons-grade plutonium. Some are run only for research. Today there are about 450 nuclear power reactors that are used to generate electricity in about 30 countries around the world.