Psychological factors clearly play a role in pain too, potentially by influencing nociception and by influencing the brain directly.

心理因素也可能通过影响伤害感受和直接影响大脑而在疼痛中发挥作用。

There are actually two phenomena at play: the experience of pain, and a biological process called nociception.

疼痛的体验和一种叫做伤害的生物过程。

So an oyster may recoil when squirted with lemon juice, for instance, because of nociception.

因此， 例如， 由于伤害感受， 牡蛎在喷上柠檬汁时可能会退缩。

But there are a whole set of factors besides nociception that can influence the experience of pain and make pain less useful.

但是除了伤害之外，还有一系列因素可以影响疼痛的体验，使疼痛变得不那么有用。

Until recently, we thought the glial cells surrounding neurons were just support structures, but now we know they have a huge role in influencing nociception.

直到最近，我们还认为神经元周围的胶质细胞只是支持结构，但现在我们知道它们在影响伤害性方面有着巨大的作用。

This is the physical recognition of harm called nociception, and nearly all animals, even those with very simple nervous systems, experience it.

这是对伤害的身体识别， 称为伤害感受，几乎所有动物，甚至那些神经系统非常简单的动物，都会体验到它。

In fact, you have a lot more.Like nociception, which is the sense of pain, and proprioception, the sense of how our body are positioned.Not to mention the sense of balance, temperature and passing of time.

实际上，要多得多。比如感觉疼痛的“伤感感受”，以及用于调节体位的“本体感受”。其他还有感觉平衡 温度和时间流逝的感受等。