肾脏科是内科学的一个分枝，主要处理的是肾脏及泌尿系统的相关问题及疾病。

• 常见可能与肾脏疾病相关的症状：水肿、尿液多泡沫、高血压、贫血、倦怠等。
• 常见须看肾脏科的问题：蛋白尿、血尿、肾功能异常等。
• 常见须看肾脏科的疾病：肾衰竭、泌尿道感染、电解质异常、药物或毒物中毒、高血压等。

Nephrology (from Greek νεφρός nephros "kidney", combined with the suffix -logy, "the study of") is a specialty of medicine and pediatrics that concerns itself with the study of normal kidney function, kidney problems, the treatment of kidney problems and renal replacement therapy (dialysis and kidney transplantation). Systemic conditions that affect the kidneys (such as diabetes and autoimmune disease) and systemic problems that occur as a result of kidney problems (such as renal osteodystrophy and hypertension) are also studied in nephrology. A physician who has undertaken additional training to become an expert in nephrology may call themselves a nephrologist or renal physician.