质体（英语：Plasmid）是附加到细胞中的非细胞的染色体或核区DNA原有的能够自主复制的较小的DNA分子（即细胞附殖粒、又胞附殖粒；辞源：plasm为生殖质，-id表示粒）。大部分的质粒虽然都是环状构形，然而目前也发现有少数的质粒属于线性构形，它存在于许多细菌以及酵母菌等生物中，乃至于植物的粒线体等胞器中。天然质粒的DNA长度从数千碱基对至数十万碱基对都有。质粒天然存在于这些生物里面，有时候一个细胞里面可以同时有一种乃至于数种的质粒同时存在。质粒的套数（copy number）在细胞里从单一到数千都有可能。有时有些质粒含有某种抗药基因（如大肠杆菌中就有含有抗四环素基因的质粒）。有一些质粒携带的基因则可以赋予细胞额外的生理代谢能力，乃至于在一些细菌中提高它的致病力。一般来说，质粒的存在与否对宿主细胞在良好环境下的生存没有决定性的作用。它是基因工程最常见的运载体。

A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found in bacteria as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. In nature, plasmids often carry genes that may benefit the survival of the organism, for example antibiotic resistance. While the chromosomes are big and contain all the essential information for living, plasmids usually are very small and contain only additional information. Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning, serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms.