穆斯堡尔谱学（Mössbauer spectroscopy）是应用穆斯堡尔效应研究物质的微观结构的学科。穆斯堡尔效应即γ射线的无反冲共振吸收，于1957年由德国物理学家穆斯堡尔发现，并于次年得到实验验证。穆斯堡尔效应对环境的依赖性非常高，常利用多普勒效应对γ射线光子的能量进行调制，通过调整γ射线辐射源和吸收体之间的相对速度使其发生共振吸收。吸收率（或者透射率）与相对速度之间的变化曲线叫做穆斯堡尔谱。穆斯堡尔谱的能量分辨率非常高，可以用来研究原子核与周围环境的超精细相互作用。

穆斯堡尔谱学中最常用的是Fe的能量为14.4 keV 的γ射线，能量分辨率可以达到10；Sn也经常用到。穆斯堡尔谱学在物理学、化学、生物学、地质学、冶金学、矿物学、地质学等领域都得到广泛应用。近年来穆斯堡尔谱学也在一些新兴学科，比如材料科学和表面科学领域，开拓了广泛的应用前景。

Mössbauer spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique based on the Mössbauer effect. This effect, discovered by Rudolf Mössbauer in 1958, consists in the nearly recoil-free, resonant absorption and emission of gamma rays in solids.

Like NMR spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy probes tiny changes in the energy levels of an atomic nucleus in response to its environment. Typically, three types of nuclear interactions may be observed: an isomeric shift, also known as a chemical shift; quadrupole splitting; and magnetic or hyperfine splitting, also known as the Zeeman effect. Due to the high energy and extremely narrow line widths of gamma rays, Mössbauer spectroscopy is a very sensitive technique in terms of energy (and hence frequency) resolution, capable of detecting change in just a few parts per 10.