摩尔达维亚苏维埃社会主义共和国（摩尔达维亚语/罗马尼亚语：Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ/Republica Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească；俄语：Молдавская Советская Социалистическая Республика）是苏联历史上的第十四个加盟共和国，设立当时为第十三个加盟共和国，在卡累利阿-芬兰被撤销后为第十二个加盟共和国，简称摩尔达维亚，现称摩尔多瓦。摩尔达维亚苏维埃社会主义共和国位于东欧，南部和罗马尼亚接壤，北部和乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国相邻。

The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldavian SSR or MSSR; Moldavian/Romanian: Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ or Republica Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească; Russian:Молда́вская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика Moldavskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika); also known to as Soviet Moldavia or simply Moldavia was one of the fifteen republics of the Soviet Union. After the Declaration of Sovereignty on June 23, 1990 and until 23 May 1991 it was officially known as the Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova. From 23 May 1991 until the declaration of independence on 27 August 1991, it was renamed the Republic of Moldova whilst remaining a constituent republic of the USSR.