Early warfare was clearly different in scale from that waged by modern states.

早期战争在规模上显然与现代国家发动的战争不同。

The apparatus of the modern state had been forged. And the enduring consequences were artistic as well as political.

现代国家这种机器建造起来了，产生了艺术上与政治上的持久性后果。

And that move, in fact, allowed the Kurds to develop a lot of what exists here as a modern state.

实际上，此举使库尔德人得以开发这里的资源，成为现代地区。

King Den had to address all the problems of control and co-ordination that a modern state has to confront today.

也必须想办法如何去控制与调协整个王国，这些也是今天一个现代国家都会面对到的问题。

It bears a medieval lion, the ancient symbol of the Republic of Venice that predated the modern state of Italy here.

那个包上画着一只中世纪的狮子，那是威尼斯共和国的象征，威尼斯共和国成立的时间早于现代国家意大利。

We discussed bureaucracy, legitimacy, and social stratification in the modern state.

我们讨论了现代国家的官僚主义、合法性和社会分层。

She was mainly agricultural and rather a backward country and mow has developed into a modern highly industrialized state with an expanding economy.

它曾是相当落后的农业国，现在已经发发成一个现代，经济增长快的工业化国家。

We know that they’re still holding Ukrainians essentially as hostages which is beyond any definition of acceptable behavior by a modern civilized state.

我们知道他们仍然把几个乌克兰人当作人质，现代文明国家绝对不会接受这样的行为。

So the modern state is an apparatus of rules which are ultimately directed by a group of charismatic leaders.

因此，现代国家是一种规则机器，最终由一群有魅力的领导人指挥。

And just as democracies are much more common in modern bureaucratic states, monarchies are more common in traditional agrarian societies.

正如民主在现代官僚国家中更为普遍一样，君主制在传统农业社会中更为普遍。

The ferment of ideas about politics, society and religion led inexorably to his ousting in the Glorious Revolution-and Britain's emergence as a stable modern state.

政治、社会和宗教思想的发酵，势不可挡地导致他在光荣革命中被赶下台——以及英国成为一个稳定的现代国家。

But the modern state works differently: It rules through a combination of what we call legal-rational and charismatic legitimacy.

但现代国家的运作方式不同：它通过我们所谓的法律理性和超凡魅力合法性的结合来进行统治。

The Second Reich was 19th century -- the creation of the modern German state by Prussia under the leadership of Bismarck.

第二帝国是 19 世纪——普鲁士在俾斯麦的领导下建立了现代德国国家。

That is mostly thanks to Habib Bourguiba, the founding father of the modern Tunisian state, who outlawed polygamy, granted women equal divorce rights and legalised abortion.

多亏了哈比伯·布尔吉巴，现代突尼斯的创建人，他取消了一夫多妻制，承认妇女平等的离婚权以及堕胎合法化。

They worked together for freer, safer, and more profitable trade in an age before modern states could provide a reliable environment for business.

在现代国家无法为商业提供可靠环境之前的时代，他们共同致力于更自由、更安全、更有利可图的贸易。

Convinced of the importance of education, modern states 'invest'in institutions of learning to get back 'interest' in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders.

现代国家深深懂得教育的重要性，对教育机构投资，收回的‘利息’便是培养出大批有知识的男女青年，这些人可能成为未来的栋梁。

In " Leviathan" , published in 1651, Thomas Hobbes wrote that secure property rights, which are needed for a system of economic exchange, are a legal fiction that emerged only with the modern state.

在1651年出版的《利维坦》一书中，托马斯·霍布斯写道，稳定的财产权是经济交换体系所必需的条件，这是一种法律上的构想，只在现代国家才会出现。

China was really the first modern state – by which I mean it had a centralized government and a corps of bureaucrats who could execute the wishes of that government.

中国确实是第一个现代国家——我的意思是它有一个中央集权的政府和一群可以执行政府意愿的官僚。

But though this natural order of things must have taken place in some degree in every such society, it has, in all the modern states of Europe, been in many respects entirely inverted.

但是，尽管这种事物的自然秩序一定在某种程度上发生在每一个这样的社会中，但在所有现代欧洲国家中，它在许多方面已经完全颠倒了。