The advantage of studying mitochondrial DNA is that it is not shuffled around by sex.

研究线粒体DNA的优点在于它不会被性别打乱。

Meanwhile, an egg contains thousands of mitochondria, each containing multiple copies of the mitochondrial DNA.

同时，一个卵含有成千上万的线粒体，每个都含有多组线粒体 DNA。

And this mitochondrial DNA is specifically inherited from your mom because your dad's degraded immediately after fertilization.

这个线粒体DNA是特别从你妈妈那里遗传过来的，因为爸爸的在受精后就马上退化了。

In almost all species, mitochondrial DNA is passed down from only one parent.

在几乎所有物种中，线粒体 DNA 只从父母一方传下来。

And though mitochondrial DNA is inherited from one parent, the genes involved in building and regulating the mitochondria come from both.

而尽管线粒体 DNA 是由父母一方遗传的，参与建立和调节线粒体的基因来自父母双方。

A study that had seniors complete a 12-week exercise program found that skeletal muscle mitochondrial DNA increased 53 percent after training.

一项让老年人完成12周锻炼计划的研究发现，训练后骨骼肌线粒体DNA增加了53%。

If you follow the mitochondrial DNA backwards, it will take you to a certain place-to an Ursula or Tara or whatever.

如果你顺着一段线粒体DNA往上推移，它可能把你带到某个地方——乌尔苏拉、杰斯敏，或别的任何人。

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA have been associated with Type 2 diabetes and Parkinson's disease, which more likely came from your mom.

线粒体DNA的突变与2型糖尿病和帕金森病有关，很有可能来自你的母亲。

By the time we have differentiated tissues and organs, variations in the mitochondrial DNA are scattered at random throughout our bodies.

当我们有了分化的组织和器官，线粒体 DNA 的变异是随机地散布在我们的身体里。

Mitochondrial DNA is passed intact from mother to offspring.

线粒体 DNA 完整地从母亲传给后代。

We know this because of tests on mitochondrial DNA.

我们知道这一点是因为对线粒体 DNA 的测试。

All this means that the random selection of your mother's mitochondrial DNA you inherit at birth can change throughout your life and throughout your body.

所有这一切意味着，你在出生时从母亲那随机继承的线粒体 DNA 会在你的一生中在你身上发生改变。

If the mutation is in the mitochondrial DNA, this inheritance can be blocked.

如果突变在线粒体 DNA 中，则可以阻止这种遗传。

The team also looked at mitochondrial DNA in six of the seven fossils.

该团队还研究了七块化石中六块的线粒体 DNA。

By comparing the changes that have accumulated over the millennia, we find the most ancient human mitochondrial DNA comes from Africa, where our species originated.

比较数千年来积累的变化，我们发现最古老的人类线粒体 DNA 来自非洲，我们这个物种的起源。

Expanding our knowledge of human ancestry by reaching beyond mitochondrial DNA's matrilineal limits.

通过超越线粒体 DNA 的母系限制来扩展我们对人类祖先的了解。

A study in 2008 compared the mitochondrial DNA from both modern and fossil tuatara bones.

2008 年的一项研究比较了现代和化石喙头蜥骨骼的线粒体 DNA。

Hublin's group also compared their mitochondrial DNA to that of ancient and present-day people.

Hublin 的小组还将他们的线粒体 DNA 与古人和现代人的线粒体 DNA 进行了比较。

Further analysis showed also that two of the mitochondrial DNA samples from Chagyrskaya were closer to the Okladnikov boy than to any of the other Chagyrskayans.

通过进一步的分析，Chagyrskaya洞穴两个个体的线粒体DNA样本表明，这两个个体与Okladnikov洞穴男孩的亲缘关系，比他们和同洞穴其他个体的关系都要近。

The woman's mitochondrial DNA matched that of a man from Chagyrskaya.

这名女性的线粒体 DNA 与来自 Chagyrskaya 的一名男性相匹配。