麦克风（又称微音器或话筒，正式的中文名是传声器），译自英文microphone，是一种将声音转换成电子信号的换能器。

动圈式麦克风（Dynamic Microphone）基本的构造包含线圈、振膜、永久磁铁三部份。当声波进入麦克风，振膜受到声波的压力而产生振动，与振膜连接在一起的线圈则开始在磁场中移动，根据法拉第定律以及冷次定律，线圈会产生感应电流。

动圈式麦克风因为含有线圈和磁铁，不像电容式麦克风轻便，灵敏度较低，高低频响应表现较差。优点是声音较为柔润，适合用来收录人声。

电容式麦克风（Condenser Microphone） 并没有线圈及磁铁，靠着电容两片隔板间距离的改变来产生电压变化。当声波进入麦克风，振动膜产生振动，因为基板是固定的，使得振动膜和基板之间的距离会随着振动而改变，根据电容的特性

A microphone, colloquially nicknamed mic or mike (/ˈmaɪk/), is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal. Electromagnetic transducers facilitate the conversion of acoustic signals into electrical signals. Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, hearing aids, public address systems for concert halls and public events, motion picture production, live and recorded audio engineering, two-way radios, megaphones, radio and television broadcasting, and in computers for recording voice, speech recognition, VoIP, and for non-acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic checking or knock sensors.