元数学（英语：Metamathematics），又译为超数学，使用数学技术来研究数学本身的一门学科。一般来说，元数学是一种将数学作为人类意识和文化客体的科学思维或知识。更进一步来说，元数学是一种用来研究数学和数学哲学的数学。“数学的数学”是于19世纪初由通常的数学分离出来的，它最初研究的对象是在所谓的数学危机。将二者混为一谈会导致一些矛盾，典型例子有理乍得悖论。

比如说，元数学的主题之一就是：分析某些数学要素是否在任意的数学系统中都是可证实或者证伪的。

许多关于数学基础与数学哲学的论说都涉及元数学的概念，它们往往不能被当作我们通常所说的“问题”来处理。元数学的基本假设是：数学的内容可以由一个形式系统获得，比如一个序理论或一个公理化集合论。

Metamathematics is the study of mathematics itself using mathematical methods. This study produces metatheories, which are mathematical theories about other mathematical theories. Emphasis on metamathematics (and perhaps the creation of the term itself) owes itself to David Hilbert's attempt to secure the foundations of mathematics in the early part of the 20th Century. Metamathematics provides "a rigorous mathematical technique for investigating a great variety of foundation problems for mathematics and logic.." (Kleene 1952, p. 59). An important feature of metamathematics is its emphasis on differentiating between reasoning from inside a system and from outside a system. An informal illustration of this is categorizing the proposition "2+2=4" as belonging to mathematics while categorizing the proposition "'2+2=4' is valid" as belonging to metamathematics.