代谢物组学（英语：metabolomics）是在后基因组学时代兴起的一门跨领域学科，其主要目标是定量的研究生命体对外界刺激、病理生理变化、以及本身基因突变而产生的其体内代谢物水平的多元动态反应。代谢物组学诞生于上个世纪末，由英国伦敦帝国大学Jeremy Nicholson教授创立，之后得到迅速发展并渗透到多项领域，比如疾病诊断、医药研制开发、营养食品科学、毒理学、环境学，植物学等与人类健康护理密切相关的领域。

代谢物组学是对特定细胞过程遗留下的特殊化学指纹的系统研究，更具体地说，是对小分子代谢物组的整体研究。代谢物组定义为在一个生物体内所有的代谢物的集合，而这些代谢物是此生物体基因表达的终产物。因此，当信使RNA基因的表达数据和蛋白质组学的分析无法描述细胞体内的所有生理活动的时候，对代谢物组的表征是个非常重要的补充，我们可以用来它对细胞的生理活动实现一个瞬时快照。

Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites. Specifically, metabolomics is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind", the study of their small-molecule metabolite profiles. The metabolome represents the collection of all metabolites in a biological cell, tissue, organ or organism, which are the end products of cellular processes. mRNA gene expression data and proteomic analyses reveal the set of gene products being produced in the cell, data that represents one aspect of cellular function. Conversely, metabolic profiling can give an instantaneous snapshot of the physiology of that cell. One of the challenges of systems biology and functional genomics is to integrate proteomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic information to provide a better understanding of cellular biology.