代谢是生物体维持生命的化学反应总称。这些反应使得生物体能够生长和繁殖、保持它们的结构以及对环境作出反应。代谢通常被分为两类：分解代谢可以对大的分子进行分解以获得能量（如细胞呼吸）；合成代谢则可以利用能量来合成细胞中的各个组分，如蛋白质和核酸等。代谢是生物体不断进行物质和能量的交换过程，一旦物质和能量交换停止，生物体的生命就会结束。

代谢中的化学反应可以归纳为代谢途径，通过一系列酶的作用将一种化学物质转化为另一种化学物质。酶对于代谢反应来说是非常重要的，因为酶可以通过一个热力学上易于发生的反应来驱动另一个难以进行的反应，使之变得可行；例如，利用ATP的水解所产生的能量来驱动其他化学反应。一个生物体的代谢机制决定了哪些物质对于此生物体是有营养的，而哪些是有毒的。例如，一些原核生物利用硫化氢作为营养物质，但这种气体对于动物来说却是致命的。代谢速度，或者说代谢率，也影响了一个生物体对于食物的需求量。

Metabolism (from Greek:μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. The three main purposes of metabolism are the conversion of food/fuel to energy to run cellular processes, the conversion of food/fuel to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates, and the elimination of nitrogenous wastes. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.