玛雅文明，是古代分布于现今墨西哥东南部、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、萨尔瓦多和伯利兹5个国家的丛林文明。虽然处于新石器时代，惟在天文学、数学、农业、艺术及文本等方面都有极高成就。与印加帝国及阿兹特克帝国并列为美洲三大文明（阿兹特克帝国与马雅文明位于中美洲；印加帝国位于南美洲安地斯山一带）。

依据中美洲编年，玛雅历史分成前古典期、古典期及后古典期。前古典期（公元前1500年－公元300年）也称形成期，历法及文本的发明、纪念碑的设立及建筑的兴建均在此时期；古典期是全盛期（约4世纪－9世纪），此时期文本的使用、纪念碑的设立、建筑的兴建及艺术的发挥均在此时期达于极盛；后古典期（约9世纪－16世纪 )，此时期北部兴起奇琴伊察及乌斯马尔等城邦兴起，文化也逐渐式微（衰弱）。玛雅从来不像罗马及埃及等文明拥有一个统一的强大帝国，全盛期的玛雅地区分成数以百计的城邦，然而玛雅各邦在语言、文本、宗教信仰及习俗传统上却属于同一个文化圈。16世纪时，玛雅文化的传承者阿兹特克帝国被西班牙帝国消灭。

The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples, and noted for its hieroglyphic script—the only known fully developed writing system of the pre-Columbian Americas—as well as for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system. The Maya civilization developed in an area that encompasses southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador. This region consists of the northern lowlands encompassing the Yucatán Peninsula, and the highlands of the Sierra Madre, running from the Mexican state of Chiapas, across southern Guatemala and onwards into El Salvador, and the southern lowlands of the Pacific littoral plain.