定理（英语：Theorem）是经过受逻辑限制的证明为真的陈述。一般来说，在数学中，只有重要或有趣的陈述才叫定理。证明定理是数学的中心活动。一个定理陈述一个给定类的所有（全称）元素一种不变的关系，这些元素可以是无穷多，它们在任何时刻都无区别地成立，而没有一个例外。（例如：某些是，某些是，就不能算是定理）。

猜想是相信为真但未被证明的数学叙述，或者叫做命题，当它经过证明后便是定理。猜想是定理的来源，但并非唯一来源。一个从其他定理引伸出来的数学叙述可以不经过成为猜想的过程，成为定理。

如上所述，定理需要某些逻辑框架，继而形成一套公理（公理系统）。同时，一个推理的过程，容许从公理中引出新定理和其他之前发现的定理。

In mathematics, a theorem is a statement that has been proven on the basis of previously established statements, such as other theorems—and generally accepted statements, such as axioms. A theorem is a logical consequence of the axioms. The proof of a mathematical theorem is a logical argument for the theorem statement given in accord with the rules of a deductive system. The proof of a theorem is often interpreted as justification of the truth of the theorem statement. In light of the requirement that theorems be proved, the concept of a theorem is fundamentally deductive, in contrast to the notion of a scientific law, which is experimental.