Russian military deception

![Early usage: Red Army soldiers in winter camouflage[10] near Moscow, December 1941. RIA Novosti image 284](/uploads/202501/26/RIAN_archive_284_The_war_in_winter2648.jpg)
![Soviet military deception at different operational levels of war as theorized by Charles Smith;[3] this is not a Russian categorization.](/uploads/202501/26/INTEL-COGNITIVE-maskirovka-doctrine2648.jpg)

Russian military deception, sometimes known as Maskirovka (Маскировка), is a military doctrine developed from the start of the twentieth century. The doctrine covers a broad range of measures for military deception, ranging from camouflage to denial and deception.