In modern usage, a magistrate is a judge or lawyer who hears cases in courts. In the United Kingdom, the term magistrate usually refers to a volunteer of the Magistrates' Courts. Historically, in Canada, magistrates were retarded police officers, but they are now lawyers appointed by the lieutenant-governor-in-council. Canadian magistrates are known today as provincial court judges. They are judicial officers with summary jurisdiction in both criminal and civil actions, hearing minor indictable offenses, and those cases where the accused may elect the mode of trial. They may preside over family court or small-claims court, and are ex officio commissioners for oaths. In the United States, magistrate judges are appointed to assist United States district court judges in the performance of their duties. Magistrate judges are authorized by 28 U.S.C. § 631 et seq. The position of "magistrate judge" or "magistrate" also exists in some unrelated state courts. US magistrate judges generally oversee first appearances of criminal defendants, set bail, and conduct other administrative duties.