生物发光现象是在生物体内，由于生命过程的变化，化学反应将化学能转化为光能而发光的现象。生物发光在英语中名为bioluminescence，该词为合成词，是由希腊语中代表生命的bios与拉丁语中意为光的lumen组合而成。大部分发光与三磷酸腺苷（ATP）有关，发光的化学反应不限于在细胞内外发生。对于细菌，发光相关基因的表达被名为发光操纵子（Lux operon）的一种操纵子控制。有生物发光现象的物种在整个进化过程中独立出现过30次以上。

生物发光现象在海洋脊椎动物，无脊椎动物，微生物及陆生生物上都有发现。共生生物中也有发光生物的踪迹。

Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism. It is a form of chemiluminescence. Bioluminescence occurs widely in marine vertebrates and invertebrates, as well as in some fungi, microorganisms including some bioluminescent bacteria and terrestrial invertebrates such as fireflies. In some animals, the light is produced by symbiotic organisms such as Vibrio bacteria.