北极气候的特点是冬季寒冷漫长，夏季短暂而凉爽。北极不同地区的气候变化多样，但冬夏二季都会经历极端的日照变化。部分地区终年被冰雪覆盖（海冰、冰川或积雪），此外绝大部分地区每年中的大部分时间地表都有冰雪。北极各地区一月份的平均气温在-40℃至0℃之间，冬季大部分地区的最低气温可低至-50℃以下。七月份的平均气温在-10℃至10℃之间，某些地区夏季最高温度可达30℃以上。

北极地区中部是北冰洋，四周环绕着欧、亚、美洲大陆。因此，北极地区的气候因海洋水体而变得较为温和。北极地区的海水温度基本维持在-2℃以上。正因为有这样相对温暖的海水，在冬季，尽管水面上漂浮着巨大的冰盖，北极仍旧不是北半球最寒冷的地区，而且明显比南极更“温暖”。而在夏季，冰凉的海水也使北冰洋沿岸地区的气温较低。

The climate of the Arctic is characterized by long, cold winters and short, cool summers. There is a large amount of variability in climate across the Arctic, but all regions experience extremes of solar radiation in both summer and winter. Some parts of the Arctic are covered by ice (sea ice, glacial ice, or snow) year-round, and nearly all parts of the Arctic experience long periods with some form of ice on the surface. Average January temperatures range from about −34 °C to 0 °C (−40 to +32 °F), and winter temperatures can drop below −50 °C (−58 °F) over large parts of the Arctic. Average July temperatures range from about −10 to +10 °C (14 to 50 °F), with some land areas occasionally exceeding 30 °C (86 °F) in summer.