失忆症（Amnesia，来自希腊语ἀμνησία），又称失忆症候群（amnesic syndrome），是一种记忆混乱的疾病。简单来说就是丧失记忆，其中包含丧失部分记忆或丧失全部记忆。失忆症的原因有器官性原因或功能性原因。器官性原因包括大脑因创伤或疾病遭受损害，也有可能是因为服用某些药物（通常是镇静类药物）或受到心理创伤而造成。功能性的原因是心理因素，如心理防卫机制。这方面的一个例子如歇斯底里的创伤后的失忆症。失忆症也可能是自发的，至于短暂性完全失忆症。这一总体类型的失忆症在中年老人较为常见，尤其是男性，而且通常会持续少于24小时。

Amnesia (fromGreek, meaning "forgetfulness"; fromἀ- (a-), meaning "without",andμνήσις (mnesis), meaning "memory"), also known as amnesic syndrome, is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma. Amnesia can also be caused temporarily by the use of various sedatives and hypnotic drugs. Essentially, amnesia is loss of memory. The memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that was caused. There are two main types of amnesia: retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation. In some cases the memory loss can extend back decades, while in others the person may lose only a few months of memory. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store. People with this type of amnesia cannot remember things for long periods of time. These two types are not mutually exclusive. Both can occur within a patient at one time. Case studies, such as that of patient R.B., show that both types of amnesia can occur simultaneously. Case studies also show that amnesia is typically associated with damage to the medial temporal lobe. In addition, specific areas of the hippocampus (the CA1 region) are involved with memory. Research has also shown that when areas of the diencephalon are damaged, amnesia can occur. Recent studies have shown a correlation between deficiency of RbAp48 protein and memory loss. Scientists were able to find that mice with damaged memory have a lower level of RbAp48 protein compared to normal, healthy mice. In people suffering with amnesia, the ability to recall immediate information is still retained, and they may still be able to form new memories. However, a severe reduction in the ability to learn new material and retrieve old information can be observed. Patients can learn new procedural knowledge. In addition, priming (both pe****tual and conceptual) can assist amnesiacs in the learning of fresh non-declarative knowledge. Amnesic patients also retain substantial intellectual, linguistic, and social skill despite profound impairments in the ability to recall specific information encountered in prior learning episodes.