语言系属分类（英语：Language family）是指根据语言的发展和演变、直接而明显的关联，对语言进行归类的方法。

语言系属分类主要依据语言语音、词汇、语法规则之间某些对应关系，把具有相似的语言归于同一类语群，这种语群称为同族语言即“语族”；按“语族”之间的某些对应关系，又归在一起，这类同类语族称为同系语言即“语系”。

现今全世界现存的语言约6900种，根据系属分类的方法，将语言分为若干个语群，每个语群中的语言可以直接或间接反应语言分化与进化，而同类语群的语言是由一个祖语（母语言）演变而来的。语言系属分类法采取“祖语”作为前缀，其分支链接下来，图标图表类似一个系谱表。

A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term 'family' reflects the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological family tree, or in a subsequent modification, to species in a phylogenetic tree of evolutionary taxonomy. No actual biological relationship between speakers is implied by the metaphor.