In the early 18th century they began operating the library like, “… joint stock companies whose members agreed to pool resources for their mutual benefit.”

在18世纪早期，他们开始以“… … 股份公司，其成员同意共享资源以实现互利”的方式经营图书馆。

But by the 17th century, merchants in the Netherlands and in Britain had expanded upon this idea to create joint stock companies.

但到了 17 世纪，荷兰和英国的商人已经扩展了这个想法， 创建了股份公司。

It is a kind of negotiable securities issued by the joint stock company to various shareholders for the purpose of raising funds as the ownership certificate and obtaining dividends and bonuses.

是股份公司为筹集资金而发行给各个股东作为持股凭证并借以取行股息和红利的一种有价证券。

In many manufacturing lines, the joint stock company had become the prevailing organization, but even in these fields the element that so characterizes our own age, that of combination, was exerting practically no influence.

在许多生产线中， 股份公司已成为占主导地位的组织， 但即使在这些领域中， 我们这个时代的特征要素， 即联合要素， 实际上也没有发挥任何影响。