各向同性(isotropy)，指物体的物理、化学性质不因方向而有所变化的特性，即在不同方向所测得的性能数值是相同的。如所有的气体、液体以及非晶体都显示各向同性。多晶体(如一块金属)表现的各向同性称为“准各向同性”。各向同性的物体称为均质体。

各向同性与各向异性相反。确切的定义，取决于其使用的领域。各向同性的辐射在各向上有等同的强度，并且一个各向同性的场对测试粒子由同样的作用，无论其初始方向。

Isotropy is uniformity in all orientations; it is derived from the Greek isos (ἴσος, "equal") and tropos (τρόπος, "way"). Precise definitions depend on the subject area. Exceptions, or inequalities, are frequently indicated by the prefix an, hence anisotropy. Anisotropy is also used to describe situations where properties vary systematically, dependent on direction. Isotropic radiation has the same intensity regardless of the direction of measurement, and an isotropic field exerts the same action regardless of how the test particle is oriented.