伊斯兰主义（阿拉伯语：الاسلامية‎）是指一种主张伊斯兰不仅仅是宗教信仰，而且是一套政治体制的意识形态。

客观地描述，伊斯兰主义是一股综合了宗教、国家主义、民族主义、社会主义以及“反现代化”并带有愤怒情节的思潮，它透过把现存的诸多意识形态的要素集成起来，而迅速兴起。伊斯兰义脱胎于13世纪发端的赛莱菲耶（Salafiyya）运动，或称之为伊斯兰原教旨主义。随着1979年的伊朗革命和阿富汗战争，伊斯兰主义得到迅猛发展。

伊斯兰主义呼吁现代的穆斯林去他们的宗教信仰中寻根，并且在政治上统一思想。伊斯兰主义一词实际上因定义不同而存在争议。

Islamism, also known as Political Islam (Arabic:إسلام سياسي‎ islām siyāsī), is an Islamic revival movement often characterized by moral conservatism, literalism, and the attempt "to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life." Islamism favors the reordering of government and society in accordance with the Shari'a. The different Islamist movements have been described as "oscillating between two poles": at one end is a strategy of Islamization of society through state power seized by revolution or invasion; at the other "reformist" pole Islamists work to Islamize society gradually "from the bottom up". The movements have "arguably altered the Middle East more than any trend since the modern states gained independence", redefining "politics and even borders" according to one journalist (Robin Wright).