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单词 Interference competition
释义

Interference competition

中文百科

自然选择 Natural selection

（重定向自Interference competition）
加拉巴哥群岛（Galápagos Islands）拥有13个雀鸟物种（Darwin's finches），他们相当亲近，主要的特征差异在于鸟喙的形状。不同种类的鸟喙皆与合适于牠们的食性。达尔文认为，这是自然选择造成的演化后果。
定向选择、平衡选择和破坏选择。横轴是性状，纵轴是个体数量。红线代表原本的性状分布，蓝色是选择后的结果。

自然选择（英语：natural selection，传统上也译为天择）指生物的遗传特征在生存竞争中，由于具有某种优势或某种劣势，因而在生存能力上产生差异，并进而导致繁殖能力的差异，使得这些特征被保存或是淘汰。自然选择则是演化的主要机制，经过自然选择而能够称成功生存，称为「适应」。自然选择是唯一可以解释生物适应环境的机制。

这个理论最早是由达尔文在1859年出版的《物种起源》中提出，其于早年在加拉巴哥群岛观察了数种动物后发现，岛上很少有与邻近大陆相似的物种，并且还演化出许多独有物种，如巨型的加拉巴哥群岛陆龟，达尔文于开始以为，岛上的燕雀科鸟类应与南美洲发现的为同种，经研究，十三种燕雀中只有一种是与其大陆近亲类似的，其余皆或多或少发生了演化现象，他们为了适应岛上的生存环境，改变了鸟喙的大小 。

英语百科

Natural selection 自然选择

（重定向自Interference competition）
Morpha typica and morpha carbonaria, morphs of the peppered moth resting on the same tree. The light-coloured morpha typica (below the bark's scar) is hard to see on this pollution-free tree, camouflaging it from predators.
Charles Darwin's illustrations of beak variation in the finches of the Galápagos Islands, which hold 13 closely related species that differ most markedly in the shape of their beaks. The beak of each species is suited to its preferred food, suggesting that beak shapes evolved by natural selection.
These charts depict the different types of genetic selection. On each graph, the x-axis variable is the type of phenotypic trait and the y-axis variable is the amount of organisms. Group A is the original population and Group B is the population after selection. Graph 1 shows directional selection, in which a single extreme phenotype is favored. Graph 2 depicts stabilizing selection, where the intermediate phenotype is favored over the extreme traits. Graph 3 shows disruptive selection, in which the extreme phenotypes are favored over the intermediate.

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in heritable traits of a population over time. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection"; he compared it with artificial selection (selective breeding).
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更新时间：2025/6/19 1:04:09