惯性测量单元（英文：Inertial measurement unit，简称 IMU）是测量物体三轴姿态角(或角速率)以及加速度的装置。

一般的，一个IMU内会装有三轴的陀螺仪和三个方向的加速度计，来测量物体在三维空间中的角速度和加速度，并以此解算出物体的姿态。为了提高可靠性，还可以为每个轴配备更多的传感器。一般而言IMU要安装在被测物体的重心上。

IMU大多用在需要进行运动控制的设备，如汽车和机器人上。也被用在需要用姿态进行精密位移推算的场合，如潜艇、飞机、导弹和航天器的惯性导航设备等。

An inertial measurement unit (IMU) is an electronic device that measures and reports a body's specific force, angular rate, and sometimes the magnetic field surrounding the body, using a combination of accelerometers and gyroscopes, sometimes also magnetometers. IMUs are typically used to maneuver aircraft, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), among many others, and spacecraft, including satellites and landers. Recent developments allow for the production of IMU-enabled GPS devices. An IMU allows a GPS receiver to work when GPS-signals are unavailable, such as in tunnels, inside buildings, or when electronic interference is present. A wireless IMU is known as a WIMU.