They find that industrial robots make jobs less physically taxing.

他们发现工业机器人使工作对体力的要求降低了。

In the 1950s, George C. Devol created Unimate, the world's first industrial robots.

20世纪50年代，George C. Devol创造了世界上第一个工业机器人Unimate。

In 2017 manufacturers had roughly 85 industrial robots per 10,000 employees worldwide and the global supply of industrial robots is expected to grow 14 percent per year until 2021.

2017年，全球制造商每一万名员工便与八十五台工业机器人对接，预计到2021年，全球工业机器人供应量将以每年14%的速度增长。

Also, we’ll go to California to hear about industrial robots and American workers.

此外，我们将去加利福尼亚了解工业机器人和美国工人。

However, the risks of using machines in the workplace were demonstrated in South Korea, where an industrial robot crushed a worker to death at a vegetable processing center.

然而，在韩国的一个蔬菜加工中心，一个工业机器人将一名工人碾压致死，这表明了在工作场所使用机器的风险。

The International Federation of Robotics defines industrial robots as machines that are automatically controlled and re-programmable; single-purpose equipment does not count.

国际机器人联合会（the International Federation of Robotics）将工业机器人定义为自动化控制的并且可重复编程的机器，而不把单一用途设备计算在内。

The average price of an industrial robot fell from $69,000 in 2005 to $27,000 in 2017, reckons Ark Invest, an asset manager.

资产管理公司 Ark Invest 估计，工业机器人的平均价格从 2005 年的 69,000 美元跌至 2017 年的 27,000 美元。

It is not immediately obvious that a job tending to an industrial robot is more satisfying than one operating an espresso machine at Starbucks, especially for workers who enjoy some human interaction.

照管工业机器人的工作比在星巴克操作浓缩咖啡机的工作更令人满意，这一点并不是显而易见的，尤其对于那些喜欢与人互动的工作者来说。

A new working paper concludes that, between 1990 and 2007, each industrial robot added per thousand workers reduced employment in America by nearly six workers.

一份新的工作论文总结道，从1990年到2007年，在每千名美国工人中，每配备一台工业机器人就会令将近六名工人失业。

A typical robot has six such " degrees of freedom" , notes Kim Povlsen, chief executive of Universal Robots, a manufacturer of industrial robot arms.

工业机器人手臂制造商 Universal Robots 的首席执行官 Kim Povlsen 指出，一个典型的机器人有六个这样的“自由度”。

A recent paper by Daron Acemoglu and Pascual Restrepo found that a single industrial robot will typically reduce employment by as many as six human workers.

Daron Acemoglu 和 Pascual Restrepo 最近发表的一篇论文发现， 一个工业机器人通常会减少多达 6 名人类工人的就业。

Automation is reducing human wages; Messrs Acemoglu and Restrepo reckon that one additional industrial robot per thousand workers reduces wages across the economy by 0.5%.

自动化正在导致人类的工资下降。阿西莫格鲁和雷斯特雷珀认为，每千名工人配备的工业机器人每增加一台，整个经济的工资便下降0。5%。

Since relatively few industrial robots are in use in the American economy, the total job loss from robotisation has been modest: between 360,000 and 670,000.

因为美国经济中使用的工业机器人相对来说非常少，所以因使用机器人而减少的岗位也比较少，总数在36万至67万之间。

As a consequence of better technology and lower prices, the global stock of industrial robots grew from 1m in 2011 to nearly 3.5m in 2021 (see chart 2).

由于更好的技术和更低的价格，全球工业机器人的存量从 2011 年的 100 万台增长到 2021 年的近 350 万台（见图 2）。

According to the IFR, even South Korean firms, by far the world's keenest robot-adopters, employ ten manufacturing workers for every industrial robot—a long way from Mr Musk's vision.

根据 IFR，即使是迄今为止世界上最热衷于采用机器人的韩国公司，也为每个工业机器人雇佣了 10 名制造工人——这与马斯克先生的愿景相去甚远。

Companies that embrace this dual approach include industrial champions such as Volkswagen, a German carmaker, Caterpillar, an American maker of diggers, and Fanuc, a Japanese manufacturer of industrial robots.

采用这种双重方法的公司包括工业冠军，例如德国汽车制造商大众汽车、美国挖掘机制造商卡特彼勒和日本工业机器人制造商发那科。

The $25bn that, according to consultants at BCG, the world spent on industrial robots in 2020 was less than 1% of global capital expenditure (excluding the energy and mining sectors).

据 BCG 顾问称，2020 年全球在工业机器人上的支出为 250 亿美元， 不到全球资本支出（不包括能源和采矿业）的 1%。

According to the International Federation of Robotics its " robot density" (the number of industrial robots per 10,000 manufacturing workers) was only 85 in 2017, compared with an average of 106 across Europe, and 710 in South Korea.

据国际机器人联合会称，其" 机器人密度" （每万名制造工人的工业机器人数量）在2017 年仅为85，而欧洲平均为106，韩国为710。

The first commercial deployment was a programmable industrial robot called the Unimate, sold to General Motors in 1960 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them.

第一个商业部署是名为 Unimate 的可编程工业机器人，它于 1960 年卖给了通用汽车公司，用于从压铸机中取出热金属片并将它们堆叠起来。