神经振荡是中枢神经系统中存在的一种节律性，或是重复性的神经元活动。神经组织可以通过多种方式产生振荡，这种振荡主要是靠单个神经元或者神经元之间的相互作用引发。在单个神经元中，神经振荡既可以表现为膜电位的振荡，又可以表现为动作电位的节律性活动，这些电活动继而引发突触后膜电位的振荡。在群体神经元水平，大量神经元的同步发放可以引起宏观水平的振荡，这种振荡活动可以通过脑电图（EEG）记录到。群体神经元的振荡活动通常由神经元之间的反馈活动引起。这些神经元之间的相互作用会引起与单个神经元发放不同频率的振荡。最为人所熟知的宏观的神经元振荡活动就是大脑的Alpha波。

Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity.