侵蚀作用（英语：erosion）或水土流失（英语：soil erosion）是自然界的一种现象，是指地球的表面不断受到风、水的磨损。这个过程，陆地除了被侵蚀之外，蚀出的物质还会被带走，堆积在其他地方，主要堆积在海里。

侵蚀由水流、冰移或风吹造成。

而由雪、霜、阳光、雨水对地表的作用则叫做风化作用，暴露在空气中的岩石会受到天气影响，长期冷热交替，有些岩石会因而开裂。岩石中的水结冰时会膨胀，这个也会使岩石开裂。石头受到重力的挤压后突然减压，也会使岩石碎裂。雨水是稀酸，可溶化或改变岩石内的化学物质。植物的根和穴居动物也会加速风化。

In earth science, erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that remove soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, then transport it away to another location. The particulate breakdown of rock or soil into clastic sediment is referred to as physical or mechanical erosion; this contrasts with chemical erosion, where soil or rock material is removed from an area by its dissolving into a solvent (typically water), followed by the flow away of that solution. Eroded sediment or solutes may be transported just a few millimetres, or for thousands of kilometres.