限制理性（英语：Bounded rationality），又译为有限理性，系由赫伯特·亚历山大·西蒙（Herbert Alexander Simon）所提出，是基于生理学及心理学层面的思考，对于传统经济学理论所提出的修正。传统经济学一直以完全理性为前提，由于行为人可以得到所有信息，因此可以在多种方案中，选择能使效用最大化的一种方案；但是于现实状况中，人们所获得的信息、知识与能力都是有限的，所能够考虑的方案也是有限的，未必能作出使得效用最大化的决策。因此，西蒙认为必须考虑人的基本生理限制，以及由此而引起的认知限制、动机限制及其相互影响的限制。

Bounded rationality is the idea that when individuals make decisions, their rationality is limited by the available information, the tractability of the decision problem, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the time available to make the decision. Decision-makers in this view act as satisficers, seeking a satisfactory solution rather than an optimal one. Herbert A. Simon proposed bounded rationality as an alternative basis for the mathematical modeling of decision-making, as used in economics, political science and related disciplines. It complements "rationality as optimization", which views decision-making as a fully rational process of finding an optimal choice given the information available. Simon used the analogy of a pair of scissors, where one blade represents "cognitive limitations" of actual humans and the other the "structures of the environment", illustrating how minds compensate for limited resources by exploiting known structural regularity in the environment.