Specific risk factors include alcohol, hot fluids, caustic strictures, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, and palmoplantar keratosis.

特有的危险因素包括饮酒、喝热液、腐蚀性食管狭窄、Plummer-Vinson综合征与掌跖角化病。

Hot fluid ran out of my ear—it was as if I had started to cry out of the wrong hole.

热的液体从耳朵里流出来——仿佛眼泪从错误的眼孔里流出来。

When this epithelium is repeatedly exposed to risk factors like alcohol, cigarette smoke, or hot fluids, it gets damaged, so the squamous cells divide to replace the old damaged cells.

当上皮持续性暴露在危险因素下，如酒精、香烟烟雾或高温液体时，上皮会受损，所以鳞状细胞反复分裂来取代受损的老细胞。

Stashing one of the insects in his mouth for safekeeping, he reached for the new specimen – when a sudden spray of hot, bitter fluid scalded his tongue.

为了妥善保管， 他将其中一只昆虫藏在嘴里，伸手去拿新的标本— —这时一股又热又苦的液体突然喷出， 烫伤了他的舌头。

Specific risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma include alcohol consumption, hot fluids and caustic strictures, which is the narrowing of the esophagus following ingestion of a caustic substance, like household bleach.

而鳞癌特有的危险因素包括饮酒、高温液体与腐蚀性食管狭窄，即摄入腐蚀性液体（如家用漂白剂）后导致食管狭窄。