光行差（或称为天文光行差、恒星光行差）是指运动的观测者观察到光的方向与同一时间同一地点静止的观测者观察到的方向有偏差的现象。光行差现象在天文观测上表现得尤为明显。由于地球公转、自转等原因，地球上观察天体的位置时总是存在光行差，其大小与观测者的速度和天体方向与观测者运动方向之间的夹角有关，并且在不断变化。

光行差本质是由于光速有限以及光源与观察者存在相对运动造成的，类似于运动中的雨滴：下雨的时候，站在原地不动的人感觉到雨滴是从正上方落下的，而向前走的人感觉雨滴是从前方倾斜落下的，因此需要把伞微微向前倾斜。走得越快，需要倾斜得越厉害。光行差的成因与此相似，只不过不符合经典的速度叠加法则，而是需要考虑相对论效应带来的修正。

The aberration of light (also referred to as astronomical aberration or stellar aberration) is an astronomical phenomenon which produces an apparent motion of celestial objects about their locations dependent on the velocity of the observer. Aberration causes objects to appear to be angled or tilted towards the direction of motion of the observer compared to when the observer is stationary. The change in angle is typically very small, on the order of v/c where c is the speed of light and v the velocity of the observer. In the case of "stellar" or "annual" aberration, the apparent position of a star to an observer on Earth varies periodically over the course of a year as the Earth's velocity changes as it revolves around the Sun, by a maximum angle of approximately 20 arcseconds in right ascension or declination.