热休克蛋白（英语：Heat shock proteins，又称热激蛋白，简称为HSP）是一类功能性相关蛋白质，当细胞受到升高温度或其他胁迫时它们的表达就会增长，可协助蛋白质正常折叠。这种表达的增长是受到转录调控的。热休克蛋白戏剧性地上调控是热休克反应的关键部分并且主要由热休克因子引导。在从细菌到人类的几乎所有生物中都发现了热休克蛋白。

热休克蛋白的命名是依据他们的分子质量。例如，Hsp60、Hsp70与Hsp90（被研究最多的热休克蛋白）指的是热休克蛋白家族的尺寸分别大约60、70与90千道尔顿。小到8千道尔顿的蛋白泛素，这种蛋白用于标记即将分解的蛋白质，也表现出热休克蛋白的性质。

Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a family of proteins that are produced by cells in response to exposure to stressful conditions. They were first described in relation to heat shock, but are now known to also be expressed during other stresses including exposure to cold, UV light, and during wound healing or tissue remodeling. Many members of this group perform chaperone function by stabilizing new proteins to ensure correct folding or by helping to refold proteins that were damaged by the cell stress. This increase in expression is transcriptionally regulated. The dramatic upregulation of the heat shock proteins is a key part of the heat shock response and is induced primarily by heat shock factor (HSF). HSPs are found in virtually all living organisms, from bacteria to humans.