火山是地表下在岩浆库中的高温岩浆及其有关的气体、碎屑从行星的地壳中喷出而形成的，具有特殊形态的地质结构。

地球上的火山发生是因为地壳被分裂成17个主要的和刚性的地壳板块，它们漂浮在地幔的一个更热和更软的层。火山可以分为死火山和活火山。在一段时间内，没有出现喷发事件的活火山叫做睡火山（休眠火山）。另外还有一种泥火山，它在科学上严格来说不属于火山，但是许多社会大众也把它看作是火山的一种类型。火山爆发是一种很严重的自然灾害，它常常伴有地震。因此火山喷发会对人类造成危害，但同时它也带来一些好处。例如：可以促进宝石的形成；扩大陆地的面积（夏威夷群岛就是由火山喷发而形成的）；作为观光旅游考察景点，推动旅游业，如日本的富士山。

A Hawaiian eruption is a type of volcanic eruption where lava flows from the vent in a relatively gentle, low level eruption; it is so named because it is characteristic of Hawaiian volcanoes. Typically they are effusive eruptions, with basaltic magmas of low viscosity, low content of gases, and high temperature at the vent. Very little amounts of volcanic ash are produced. This type of eruption occurs most often at hotspot volcanoes such as Kīlauea and Iceland, though it can occur near subduction zones (e.g. Medicine Lake Volcano in California, United States) and rift zones. Another example of Hawaiian eruptions occurred on Surtsey from 1964 to 1967, when molten lava flowed from the crater to the sea.