散列函数（或散列算法，又称哈希函数，英语：Hash Function）是一种从任何一种数据中创建小的数字“指纹”的方法。散列函数把消息或数据压缩成摘要，使得数据量变小，将数据的格式固定下来。该函数将数据打乱混合，重新创建一个叫做散列值（hash values，hash codes，hash sums，或hashes）的指纹。散列值通常用来代表一个短的随机字母和数字组成的字符串。好的散列函数在输入域中很少出现散列冲突。在散列表和数据处理中，不抑制冲突来区别数据，会使得数据库记录更难找到。

A hash function is any function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to data of fixed size. The values returned by a hash function are called hash values, hash codes, hash sums, or simply hashes. One use is a data structure called a hash table, widely used in computer software for rapid data lookup. Hash functions accelerate table or database lookup by detecting duplicated records in a large file. An example is finding similar stretches in DNA sequences. They are also useful in cryptography. A cryptographic hash function allows one to easily verify that some input data maps to a given hash value, but if the input data is unknown, it is deliberately difficult to reconstruct it (or equivalent alternatives) by knowing the stored hash value. This is used for assuring integrity of transmitted data, and is the building block for HMACs, which provide message authentication.