在材料科学中，硬度指「固体材料抗拒永久形变的特性」。材料局部抵抗硬物压入其表面的能力称为硬度。固体对外界物体入侵的局部抵抗能力，是比较各种材料软硬的指标。由于规定了不同的测试方法，所以有不同的硬度标准。各种硬度标准的力学含义不同，相互不能直接换算，但可通过试验加以对比。早在1822年，Friedrich mohs提出用10种矿物来衡量世界上最硬的和最软的物体，这是所谓的摩氏硬度计。硬度试验是机械性能试验中最简单易行的一种试验方法。为了能用硬度试验代替某些机械性能试验，生产上需要一个比较准确的硬度和强度的换算关系。

Hardness is a measure of how resistant solid matter is to various kinds of permanent shape change when a compressive force is applied. Some materials, such as metal, are harder than others. Macroscopic hardness is generally characterized by strong intermolecular bonds, but the behavior of solid materials under force is complex; therefore, there are different measurements of hardness: scratch hardness, indentation hardness, and rebound hardness.