特许任教资格（英语：Habilitation，德语：Habilitation）是一个人在欧洲及亚洲的一些国家可以取得的最高的学术资格。在获得博士学位或其他同等学位后，特许任教资格需要候选人在其独立的学术成就的基础上撰写一篇专业性论文，然后提交并通过一个学术委员会的答辩，其过程像完成博士论文。但是其学术水平必须超过博士论文所应达到的水平。有时，学术著作的出版是答辩的前提条件。在设有该资格的国家，只有获得该资格方能被视为具有指导博士生的能力。如在德国，获得此资格后即可获得编外讲师（Privatdozent，缩写PD）之衔位，翻译为英文“Senior Lecturer”，其他国家和地区在取得该资格后也可获得类似的衔位。在获得这类衔位后，该人即可受邀出任正教授。

Habilitation (from Latin habilis "fit, proper, skillful") is the highest academic qualification conferred upon a scholar in many countries in Europe, Central Asia, Egypt and the Caucasus. Earned usually after obtaining a research doctorate, such as a PhD, habilitation requires that the candidate write a professorial thesis (also habilitation thesis or inaugural dissertation) based on independent scholarship, reviewed by and defended before an academic committee in a process similar to that of the doctoral dissertation. However, the level of scholarship has to be considerably higher than that required for a research doctoral (PhD) thesis in terms of quality and quantity, and must be accomplished independently, in contrast with a PhD dissertation typically directed or guided by a faculty supervisor.