近卫 (俄语: гвардия)（港台和日韩有时会翻译为亲卫或者禁卫），是沙皇俄国，前苏联和俄罗斯联邦军队中的一个荣誉称号。通常授予战功卓着的团以上作战部队。

一些前苏联的加盟共和国，如白俄罗斯，乌克兰以及有共产主义军事传统的国家也有类似的“近卫”的荣誉称号。比如朝鲜民主主义人民共和国，“近卫”称号不但可以授予朝鲜人民军的作战部队，甚至有“近卫农场”的称号。

前苏联卫国战争时期，有大量的作战部队获得了“近卫”称号。

Guards units are elite units and formations in the armed forces of the former Soviet Union and currently in the armed forces of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. These units were awarded Guards status after distinguishing themselves in service, and are considered to have elite status. The Guards designation originated during the Eastern Front (World War II) of 1941–45, its name coming from the Tsarist Imperial Guard. Belarusian:Гвардыя, Hvardyya, Russian:Гвардия, Gvardiya, Ukrainian:Гвардія, Hvardiya.