全球暖化潜势（Global warming potential，简称GWP），亦作全球升温潜能值，是衡量温室气体对全球暖化的影响。是将特定气体和相同质量二氧化碳比较之下，造成全球暖化的相对能力。二氧化碳的全球暖化潜势定义为1。全球暖化潜势是温室效应的影响因子之一。

计算全球暖化潜势时，一般会以一段特定长度的评估期间为准（如一百年），提到全球暖化潜势时也需一并说明其评估期间的长度。

在京都议定书中受到管制的物质有二种：一种是具有很高的全球暖化潜势，另一种是全球暖化潜势不大，但在地球大气层中的浓度正快速上升。

Global warming potential (GWP) is a relative measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere. It compares the amount of heat trapped by a certain mass of the gas in question to the amount of heat trapped by a similar mass of carbon dioxide. A GWP is calculated over a specific time interval, commonly 20, 100 or 500 years. GWP is expressed as a factor of carbon dioxide (whose GWP is standardized to 1). In the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, methane has a lifetime of 12.4 years and with climate-carbon feedbacks a global warming potential of 86 over 20 years and 34 over 100 years in response to emissions. User related choices such as the time horizon can greatly affect the numerical values obtained for carbon dioxide equivalents. For a change in time horizon from 20 to 100 years, the GWP for methane decreases by a factor of approximately 3. The substances subject to restrictions under the Kyoto protocol either are rapidly increasing their concentrations in Earth's atmosphere or have a large GWP.