月相是天文学中对于地球上看到的月球被太阳照明部分的称呼。月球环绕地球旋转时，地球、月球、太阳之间的相对位置不断地变化。因为月球本身不发光，月球可见发亮部分是反射太阳光的部分。只有月球直接被太阳照射的部分才能反射太阳光。我们从不同的角度上看到月球被太阳直接照射的部分，这就是月相的来源。月相不是由于地球遮住太阳所造成的（这是月蚀），而是由于我们只能看到月球上被太阳照到那一半的一部分的所造成的，其阴影部分是月球自己的阴暗面。

The lunar phase or phase of the moon is the shape of the illuminated (sunlit) portion of the Moon as seen by an observer on Earth. The lunar phases change cyclically as the Moon orbits the Earth, according to the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth. The Moon's rotation is tidally locked by the Earth's gravity, therefore the same lunar surface always faces Earth. This face is variously sunlit depending on the position of the Moon in its orbit. Therefore, the portion of this hemisphere that is visible to an observer on Earth can vary from about 100% (full moon) to 0% (new moon). The lunar terminator is the boundary between the illuminated and darkened hemispheres. Each of the four "intermediate" lunar phases (see below) is roughly seven days (~7.4 days) but this varies slightly due to the elliptical shape of the Moon's orbit. Aside from some craters near the lunar poles such as Shoemaker, all parts of the Moon see around 14.77 days of sunlight, followed by 14.77 days of "night". (The side of the Moon facing away from the Earth is sometimes called the "dark side", which is a misnomer. It receives just as much sunlight as the Earth-facing side − actually slightly more, since the Earth never obscures the Sun from it.)