异域物种形成，又称异域成种、地理物种形成，是物种形成的一种机制，发生的条件为一个物种的种群因为地理环境改变（例如造山运动）或社区本身发生改变（例如种群的迁出）而被隔离。隔离的种群会在基因型及／或表形上发生趋异，原因为：隔离的种群与原本的种群面临不同的选择压力，或各自发生遗传漂变，又或各自的基因池发生突变。

这样，一段时间以后，两个种群会进化出不同的特征。即使地理阻隔后来消失，两个种群之间会变得不能成功交配。这时，这两个拥有不同基因的群落便成为了不同的物种。地域隔离是物种形成的重要因素。达尔文在加拉帕戈斯雀观察到的辐射适应，是生活在不同岛屿的种群之间发生异域物种形成的结果。

Allopatric speciation (from the ancient Greek allos, "other" + Greek patris, "fatherland") or geographic speciation is speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become vicariant, or isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange. This can be the result of population dispersal leading to emigration, or by geographical changes such as mountain formation, island formation, or large scale human activities (for example agricultural and civil engineering developments). The vicariant populations then undergo genotypic or phenotypic divergence as: (a) they become subjected to different selective pressures, (b) they independently undergo genetic drift, and (c) different mutations arise in the gene pools of the populations.