盖革－马士登实验（Geiger-Marsden experiment），又称卢瑟福散射实验，是1909年汉斯·盖革和欧内斯特·马士登（Ernest Marsden）在欧内斯特·卢瑟福指导下于英国曼彻斯特大学做的一个著名散射实验。

实验是用α粒子轰击金箔，发现绝大多数α粒子的被金原子散射的偏向很小，但少数的偏向角很大甚至大于90度。由此可以证明，一个原子大部分的体积是空的空间，这由没有被弹回的粒子充分说明。

这个实验推翻了约瑟夫·汤姆孙认为原子内正负电荷在空间均匀分布的“均匀原子核模型”。为创建现代原子核理论打下了基础。

The Geiger–Marsden experiment(s) (also called the Rutherford gold foil experiment) were a landmark series of experiments by which scientists discovered that every atom contains a nucleus where its positive charge and most of its mass are concentrated. They deduced this by measuring how an alpha particle beam is scattered when it strikes a thin metal foil. The experiments were performed between 1908 and 1913 by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden under the direction of Ernest Rutherford at the Physical Laboratories of the University of Manchester.