规范场论（Gauge Theory）是基于对称变换可以局部也可以全局地施行这一思想的一类物理理论。非交换对称群的规范场论最常见的例子为杨-米尔斯理论。物理系统往往用在某种变换下不变的拉格朗日量表述，当变换在每一时空点同时施行，它们有全局对称性。规范场论推广了这一思想，它要求拉格朗日量必须也有局部对称性—应该可以在时空的特定区域施行这些对称变换而不影响到另外一个区域。这个要求是广义相对论的等价原理的一个推广。

规范“对称性”反映了系统表述的一个冗余性。

规范场论在物理学上的重要性，在于其成功为量子电动力学、弱相互作用和强相互作用提供了一个统一的数学形式化架构——标准模型。这套理论精确地表述了自然界的三种基本力的实验预测，它是一个规范群为SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)的规范场论。像弦论这样的现代理论，以及广义相对论的一些表述，都是某种意义上的规范场论。

In physics, a gauge theory is a type of field theory in which the Lagrangian is invariant under a continuous group of local transformations.

The term gauge refers to redundant degrees of freedom in the Lagrangian. The transformations between possible gauges, called gauge transformations, form a Lie group—referred to as the symmetry group or the gauge group of the theory. Associated with any Lie group is the Lie algebra of group generators. For each group generator there necessarily arises a corresponding field (usually a vector field) called the gauge field. Gauge fields are included in the Lagrangian to ensure its invariance under the local group transformations (called gauge invariance). When such a theory is quantized, the quanta of the gauge fields are called gauge bosons. If the symmetry group is non-commutative, the gauge theory is referred to as non-abelian, the usual example being the Yang–Mills theory.