伽玛射线暴（Gamma Ray Burst, 缩写GRB），又称伽玛暴，是来自天空中某一方向的伽玛射线强度在短时间内突然增强，随后又迅速减弱的现象，持续时间在0.01-1000秒，辐射主要集中在0.1-100 MeV的能段。伽玛暴发现于1967年，数十年来，人们对其本质了解得还不很清楚，但基本可以确定是发生在宇宙学尺度上的恒星级天体中的爆发过程。伽玛暴是目前天文学中最活跃的研究领域之一，曾在1997年和1999年两度被美国《科学》杂志评为年度十大科技进展之列。

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are flashes of gamma rays associated with extremely energetic explosions that have been observed in distant galaxies. They are the brightest electromagnetic events known to occur in the universe. Bursts can last from ten milliseconds to several hours. The initial burst is usually followed by a longer-lived "afterglow" emitted at longer wavelengths (X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, microwave and radio).