结构功能主义（英语：Structural functionalism），通常被简称为功能主义（Functionalism）、功能学派，是一个社会学流派。它把社会看成一个具有一定结构和组织化手段的系统，各社会组织有序的关联系统，并对社会整体发挥有效功能。强调集成的作用，忽视冲突。功能论指出，所有社会现象－－不管这现象看来是多么不道德、多荒谬、多邪恶、多不应该存在－－只要它确实存在，那么这种社会现象在社会中必然扮演着某种社会功能，比方说贿选、强奸、黑市交易等。而功能论的研究目标，就是寻找这些表象底层所代表的社会功能到底是什么，进而寻找完成相同社会功能更有效合理的替代方法。

Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. This approach looks at society through a macro-level orientation, which is a broad focus on the social structures that shape society as a whole, and believes that society has evolved like organisms. This approach looks at both social structure and social functions. Functionalism addresses society as a whole in terms of the function of its constituent elements; namely norms, customs, traditions, and institutions. A common analogy, popularized by Herbert Spencer, presents these parts of society as "organs" that work toward the proper functioning of the "body" as a whole. In the most basic terms, it simply emphasizes "the effort to impute, as rigorously as possible, to each feature, custom, or practice, its effect on the functioning of a supposedly stable, cohesive system". For Talcott Parsons, "structural-functionalism" came to describe a particular stage in the methodological development of social science, rather than a specific school of thought. The structural functionalism approach is a macrosociological analysis, with a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole.