So, the family isn’t a formal organization, like a government or a church.

所以，家庭不是像政府或教会那样的正式组织。

So next time, we're gonna talk about one big part of that: formal organizations and bureaucracy.

所以下一次，我们将讨论其中的一个重要部分：正式组织和官僚机构。

But, there is a major difference between those formal organizations and modern ones.

但是，这些正式组织与现代组织之间存在重大差异。

Today we learned about formal organizations.

今天我们了解了正式组织。

So, rational formal organizations are a necessary part of our world.

因此，理性的正式组织是我们这个世界的必要组成部分。

Well, sociologists think of formal organizations as groups that are organized to achieve goals efficiently.

好吧，社会学家将正式组织视为为有效实现目标而组织起来的群体。

It happens because formal organizations make it happen.

它发生是因为正式的组织使它发生。

That’s why formal organizations are so diverse – they include everything from the IRS to Google to your local PTA.

这就是正式组织如此多样化的原因——它们包括从美国国税局到谷歌再到当地 PTA 的一切。

OK so when I talk about formal organizations, what does that mean?

好的，所以当我谈论正式组织时，那是什么意思？

So, from governments to corporations, the bureaucratic model of formal organizations has taken hold to be a regular part of modern life.

因此，从政府到公司，正式组织的官僚模式已经成为现代生活的常规部分。

Our world is structured by formal organizations, and life as we now know it can’t exist without them.

我们的世界是由正式组织构成的，没有它们就不可能存在我们现在所知道的生活。

And in the US, one the main challenges that formal organizations have faced is the growing recognition that many of them were either racist or sexist or both.

在美国，正式组织面临的主要挑战之一是人们越来越认识到其中许多人要么是种族主义者，要么是性别歧视者，要么两者兼而有之。

That being said, the government does have special importance here, because it's the major formal organization that organizes and regulates politics, so it’s responsible for making decisions for the whole of society.

话虽如此，政府在这里确实具有特殊的重要性， 因为它是组织和规范政治的主要正式组织，因此它负责为整个社会做出决策。

But in addition to the problems that bureaucracy can cause, American formal organizations in particular have faced many challenges over the last century, due to changes in what's called the organizational environment.

但除了官僚主义可能导致的问题之外，由于所谓的组织环境的变化，美国的正式组织在上个世纪尤其面临许多挑战。

It's the transition from traditional to rational worldviews, or the rationalization of society, that ushered in modernity for Weber, and we can see this rationality at work in an especially pervasive kind of formal organization: the bureaucracy.

正是从传统世界观到理性世界观的转变， 或者社会的理性化，为韦伯带来了现代性， 我们可以看到这种理性在一种特别普遍的正式组织中发挥作用：官僚机构。