Food web

A trophic pyramid (a) and a simplified community food web (b) illustrating ecological relations among creatures that are typical of a northern Boreal terrestrial ecosystem. The trophic pyramid roughly represents the biomass (usually measured as total dry-weight) at each level. Plants generally have the greatest biomass. Names of trophic categories are shown to the right of the pyramid. Some ecosystems, such as many wetlands, do not organize as a strict pyramid, because aquatic plants are not as productive as long-lived terrestrial plants such as trees. Ecological trophic pyramids are typically one of three kinds: 1) pyramid of numbers, 2) pyramid of biomass, or 3) pyramid of energy.[4]

Left: Energy flow diagram of a frog. The frog represents a node in an extended food web. The energy ingested is utilized for metabolic processes and transformed into biomass. The energy flow continues on its path if the frog is ingested by predators, parasites, or as a decaying carcass in soil. This energy flow diagram illustrates how energy is lost as it fuels the metabolic process that transform the energy and nutrients into biomass. Right: An expanded three link energy food chain (1. plants, 2. herbivores, 3. carnivores) illustrating the relationship between food flow diagrams and energy transformity. The transformity of energy becomes degraded, dispersed, and diminished from higher quality to lesser quantity as the energy within a food chain flows from one trophic species into another. Abbreviations: I=input, A=assimilation, R=respiration, NU=not utilized, P=production, B=biomass.[25]

A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.

单词	Food web
释义	Food web 原声例句科学60秒 2017年3月合集 Creating a complex food web inside us. 这就在我们的体内创造了一个复杂的食物网。 VOA常速英语_科技 Basically, they are part of the food web. 基本上，它们是食物网的一部分。少儿畅学课堂 A network of interconnected food chains is called a food web. 食物链之间相互交错、互相影响，构成生物网。生物学基础入门 So let's take the food web of a woodland environment as an example. 让我们以林地环境中的食物网为例。生物学基础入门 Well, to figure it out, we have to look at the whole food web. 为了弄清楚，我们必须研究整个食物网。 Vox 观点 We're talking about the loss of everything that depends on pollination in the food web. 我们谈论的是食物网中所有依赖授粉的生物的消失。生物学基础入门 This means that when a food web is altered, it has different effects from different populations. 这意味着当食物网被改变时，不同的种群会产生不同的影响。生物学基础入门 So altering one link in the food web has big consequences for the whole system. 因此，改变食物网中的一个环节会对整个系统产生重大影响。 VOA Special 2022年5月合集 Without them, we would have no flowering plants, which would harm the food web that supports important animals. 如果没有它们，我们就不会有开花的植物，这将会损害支持重要动物的食物网。科学60秒-科学美国人 2019年1月合集 Nor is it obvious what impacts these changes might have on broader ecological communities, and on the food web. 而这些变化可能对更广泛生态社区和食物网络产生的影响也不明朗。科学60秒-科学美国人 2019年4月合集 So they likely play more of a stabilizing role in food web dynamics. They're not a top apex predator. “所以，它们可能在食物网动态中发挥着更为稳定的作用。它们并不是顶端掠食者。科学60秒 2018年5月合集 The impact of a predator down through the food web all the way to plants is called a trophic cascade. 捕食者沿食物链往下一路直达植物的影响被称为“营养级联”。科学60秒-科学美国人 2022年2月合集 This shift matters, Hammerschlag says, because tiger sharks are apex predators, and where they go influences the food web beneath them. 哈默施拉格表示，这种转变很重要，因为虎鲨是食物链顶端的掠食者，它们的去向会影响它们下面的食物网。精选英语短文 The phytoplankton form the basis of a food web which supports larger organisms such as krill, fish, seabirds and marine mammals. 浮游植物是含有叶绿素的类似植物的微生物。浮游植物构成了食物网的基础，食物网支持较大的生物，比如磷虾、鱼类、海鸟和海洋哺乳动物。 CNN 10 学生英语 2022年11月合集 It is just where they are going to find their place in that -- in the ecosystem and in the food web. 问题是他们要在生态系统和食物网中找到自己的位置。高中英语牛津一年级 Remember the arrows in a food web always point from food to feeder. 请记住，食物网中的箭头总是从食物指向喂食器。 CNN 10 学生英语 2023年3月合集 We really need to start at the bottom and build up a really strong base on which to build up this food web. 我们真的需要从底层开始，建立一个非常牢固的基础，在此基础上建立这个食物网。 2019年高考英语阅读真题 48. What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline? 48. 如果食物网中顶级捕食者的数量大幅减少，会发生什么情况？双语版 TED-Ed 演讲精选 They become food for small grazers, forming the base of the food web, which extends back down to the Twilight Zone — and beyond. 它们成为小型刮食动物的食物来源，形成食物网的底层，食物网随著深度延伸至中水层，甚至更远。 202329 This concept is known as a food web, illustrating the multiple feeding connections between different species in an ecosystem. 这个概念被称为食物网，说明了生态系统中不同物种之间的多种进食联系。英语百科 Food web A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.
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