失效模式效应与关键性分析法（failure mode, effects and criticality analysis; FMECA）为风险管理的先驱，该分析模式创始于1950年代美国空军。该模式本用来试验战斗机驾驶员弹射设备失效的机率与其主因，经由以负面风险思维反复测试后，相当有效的提高美国空军战机的性能。

1961年，美国贝尔实验室沃森（Watson）等人，在民兵导弹发射控制系统也将此管理概念应用于硬件设施。除此，该分析法稍后更成为美国国家航空航天局（NASA）运行阿波罗计划时，可靠度及安全管理契约中的重要条款。自此，在美对于武器系统可靠性及安全性的重视与要求之下，风险概念或风险管理迈入新境地。

Failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) is an extension of failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA).

FMEA is a bottom-up, inductive analytical method which may be performed at either the functional or piece-part level. FMECA extends FMEA by including a criticality analysis, which is used to chart the probability of failure modes against the severity of their consequences. The result highlights failure modes with relatively high probability and severity of consequences, allowing remedial effort to be directed where it will produce the greatest value. FMECA tends to be preferred over FMEA in space and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) military applications, while various forms of FMEA predominate in other industries.