光导纤维，简称光纤(Optical fiber)。光纤是利用光在玻璃或塑料制成的纤维中，以全反射原理传输的光传导工具。微细的光纤封装在塑料护套中，使得它能够弯曲而不至于断裂。通常光纤的一端的发射设备使用发光二极管或一束激光将光脉冲发送至光纤，光纤的另一端的接收设备使用光敏组件检测脉冲。包含光纤的线缆称为光缆。由于信息在光导纤维的传输损失比电在电线传导的损耗低得多，更因为主要生产原料是硅，蕴藏量极大，较易开采，所以价格很便宜，促使光纤被用作长距离的信息传递媒介。随着光纤的价格进一步降低，光纤也被用于医疗和娱乐的用途。

An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair. Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than wire cables. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with lesser amounts of loss; in addition, fibers are also immune to electromagnetic interference, a problem from which metal wires suffer excessively. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so that they may be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in confined spaces, as in the case of a fiberscope. Specially designed fibers are also used for a variety of other applications, some of them being fiber optic sensors and fiber lasers.