眼睛色彩是一种多基因遗传特征，是指眼睛虹膜的色彩。由虹膜中黑色素数量、黑色素种类（真黑色素与假黑色素），黑色素的分布所决定。。人类与其他动物的眼睛色彩，拥有许多表型变异。许多鸟类拥有鲜明的眼睛色彩，这些颜色是决定于其他的色素，如蝶酸、嘌呤与类胡萝卜素。

虹膜的颜色受三种主要原因影响，分别是黑色素在虹膜色素上皮细胞中的含量、黑色素在虹膜基质的含量，以及虹膜基质的细胞密度。不论是任何颜色的眼睛，在虹膜色素上皮细胞中都含有真黑色素；而色彩的变异一般是决定于虹膜基质中的黑色素含量。虹膜基质中的细胞密度影响色素上皮细胞所能够吸收的光线量。

Eye color or eye colour is a polygenic phenotypic character determined by two distinct factors: the pigmentation of the eye's iris and the frequency-dependence of the scattering of light by the turbid medium in the stroma of the iris.

In humans, the pigmentation of the iris varies from light brown to black, depending on the concentration of melanin in the iris pigment epithelium (located on the back of the iris), the melanin content within the iris stroma (located at the front of the iris), and the cellular density of the stroma. The appearance of blue and green, as well as hazel eyes, results from the Tyndall scattering of light in the stroma, a phenomenon similar to that which accounts for the blueness of the sky called Rayleigh scattering. Neither blue nor green pigments are ever present in the human iris or ocular fluid. Eye color is thus an instance of structural color and varies depending on the lighting conditions, especially for lighter-colored eyes.